What do volcanoes, glaciers, sand dunes, storms, agriculture ... of an area gradient representing different ages of succession (Figure 1). The concept of predictable change in vegetation time ...

Henry Cowles’s (1899) dissertation work on sand dunes along Lake Michigan ... to colonize the area from outside (Figure 1). The rate of primary succession tends to be slow because of the arduous ...

Figure caption, The sand dunes grow and establish a succession of plants and wildlife The sand dunes at Merthyr Mawr are very unusual because they have formed against a carboniferous limestone ...