Controlling all of a computer's input and output devices is one of the primary or main functions of an OS, or operating system. The operating system must issue the commands to the input and output devices, catch the interrupts, and handle the errors.

•Instructions are executed to transfer data from a device to memory (input) and from memory to a device (output) •Program must execute instructions to check for I/O ready/completion

Input/Output (I/O) devices are crucial to the operation of a computer. The data that a program processes — as well as the program binary itself — must be loaded into memory from some I/O device such as a disks, networks, or keyboard.

Ref Page Chapter 14: Operating Systems Slide 2/54 Learning Objectives In this chapter you will learn about: §Definition and need for operating system §Main functions of an operating system §Commonly used mechanisms for: §Process management §Memory management §File management §Security §Command interpretation module

Oct 17, 2019 · Learn about the Input/Output (I/O) operations in Operating Systems, including concepts, types, and management techniques.

Input and Output! A computer’s job is to process data " Computation (CPU, cache, and memory) " Move data into and out of a system (between I/O devices and memory)! Challenges with I/O devices " Different categories: storage, networking, displays, etc. " Large number of device drivers to support " Device drivers run in kernel mode and can ...

• A cache is a copy of input/output data in memory that can be accessed more quickly than what is stored externally. • Although buffering and caching are distinct functions, there are cases where the same area of memory is used for both purposes, e.g., when reading disk data. Spooling and Device Reservation

Data can be read into an Input Buffer - area of primary memory. Perform physical Input only when buffer is empty. Output - write data to output buffer, only writing it away to physical device when buffer is full.

Depending on its category, these devices be-have very differently, in terms of data rate (gi-gabits per second), unit of transfer (stream of bytes or blocks of characters), data represen-tation (ASCII, Unicode, or Huffman encoded bits), where it can be used, complexity of con-trol, etc..

Sample Output from OSHI. OSHI provides output directly via Java methods for each of its interfaces. By periodically polling dynamic information (e.g., every second), users can calculate and track changes. SystemInfoTest